Sole Proprietorship Sole Proprietorship when there is no...

Sole Proprietorship: Sole Proprietorship when there is no legal difference between the person who owns it and the business (Terence Lau, 2013). †¢ Liability: The operator/proprietor of a Sole Proprietorship is subject to the full and indefinite financial liability for his/her business. Both the owner and the company is one in the same legally. The company’s assets are legally the same as the proprietor’s private assets. †¢ Income Taxes: The proprietor of this Sole Proprietorship is responsible for paying taxes in the same way we pay taxes as personal income. †¢ Longevity or Continuity of the organization: The business ceases to exist when the proprietor no longer exists. This type of business cannot be passed down to any heirs. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Longevity or Continuity of the organization: If there is a death, the partnership is dissolved. †¢ Control: There is equal control, not one person can control the partnership. All of the general partners have a voice on the daily business. †¢ Profit Retention: All profits from the business are equally shared among each general partner. †¢ Location (Expansion): The general partners must obtain a local business license. General partners are not required to register their business. It must be a enterprise that is legal in their state. †¢ Convenience or Burden (Compliance): There are no requirements put on the general partners to comply with the regulatory requirements. Formation fees, franchise fees, and ongoing state fees are non-existent. There is a requirement to file an informational report with the IRS informing them of the profits passed to each general partner. Limited Partnership: The business form where investors known as limited partners agree to share in all profits of the partnership and there is no voice in the partnership management. †¢ Liability: The general partners are understood as legally the same entity as the partnership. They are all liable to their creditors and the creditors may pursue the assets of the partnership unit or each individual general partner’s personal assets in order to satisfy the liability. †¢ Income Taxes: Each and all partners are responsible for paying their on their own share of profits as personalShow MoreRelatedThe School Of A Charter School1396 Words   |  6 PagesBeing in a charter school, the academic school day is much different than in a public school. My CT, has to have her lesson plan turned in and approved at least 2 weeks prior to the lesson. There is no room for error, let alone the students not understanding any lesson. If a lesson is taught on a Monday, the classroom will be moving on to the next lesson on Tuesday, regardless if the students understand the lesson or not. There is also no differentiation in the classroom. 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A Reflection Essay Leopold s Ghost Essay - 1664 Words

Reflection Essay: Leopold’s Ghost King Leopold’s Ghost is a novel which reflects on the historical colonization of the Congo region and the subjugation of its people. The book gives a unique view on the characters involved, such as Henry Morton Stanley, who has frequently been praised by Western Society. The author, Adam Hochschild, also recounts the terrible acts that occurred in the Congo Free State under king Leopold II. He speaks about the underhandedness of Belgium’s role in obtaining the colony, and the massive deception scheme created by the king in order to subjugate 20 million people out of greed. Adam Hochschild starts his book off with a criticism on the exploration of Africa by Henry Morton Stanley. He says European explorers killed natives and were dishonest about their findings. King Leopold II is also described in the beginning of the book as an intelligent but mischievous king. His methods of obtaining the Congo region are underhanded, and he is painted as a man who deceives the world in order to amass his personal wealth. He claims Leopold II did this by lobbying governments and fooling nations in order to lay his claim to the region. Hochschild then continues on to describe how the Belgians used their superior technology in order the subjugate the natives in the Congo region. The use of the steamboat and the latest rifles, Hochschild argues, were the main tools used to conquer the land around the Congo river. Leopold II then continued to build onShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

The Legal Lessons of the 2000 Elections free essay sample

This paper examines the legal lessons and considers the results of the Supreme Court case of Bush vs. Gore. This paper argues that the court should in fact have accepted the case for review and then considers how the court may be seen to have acquitted itself in the decision that it made. The argument here is thus not about who should have won the election, not about who was the better man for the job or even about whether the Electoral College should be scrapped . Rather, this paper looks at the more limited topic of the role of the American judiciary and how that role may have been changed by the courts decision in this case. From the paper: There are a number of sets of related issues that most be considered in assessing how the court performed. One of these, which we shall get to momentarily, is that of the legal soundness of the decision itself. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legal Lessons of the 2000 Elections or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is actually in some ways not as important as it might seem that it should be because while it is certainly arguable that this was a bad decision (even if one likes the result one might still argue this). Courts, after all, make bad decisions all the time. This is why the practice of law is an iterative one: Good future decisions can compensate for bad past ones.

The Human Development of a Six Year Old Essay Example For Students

The Human Development of a Six Year Old Essay Megan Baur is a 6-year-old Caucasian female who currently attends the first grade at a private school, Rolland Park School for girls. She lives with her birth parents and her 4-year-old brother, Kyle, in a suburban house on the outskirts of Baltimore City. Her father is a successful chiropractor and her mother works part time as a dental hygienist. Her mother was a stay home mom from Megans birth till very recently, when she decided to return to work only during the hours while Kyle, the youngest attends nursery school. Megan is a very bright young girl who seems to be progressing in the middle childhood level already. We will write a custom essay on The Human Development of a Six Year Old specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A child in this level must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure and incompetence. The opinions of their classmates matter more than ever before and they begin to feel the effects of peer pressure. In this stage a person can do mental operations but only with real (concrete) objects, events or situations. Logical reasons are understood. For example, Megan can understand the need to go to bed early when it is necessary to get up early the next morning. Children that are in this stage attend school and they enjoy mastering lots of new physical skills. They learn rapidly in school. She does very well in school and is always will to do school work without even being provoked. She is working on abstract ideas of adding and subtracting things and sounding out words for reading. She is above her age group at reading and has a very extensive vocabulary. Megan seems to enjoy the challenge of reading and it makes her feel grown-up and superior to her younger sibling, since he is too young to read. She is always trying to teach him what she did in class that day, by reenacting the lesson plan of the class. In doing so, she unintentionally reviews and reinforces the material in her own head, helping her to obtain a better grasp on it. Megan acts very old for her age and is always trying to do adult like things; her new favorite hobby is to talk on the phone to her classmates. She is very friendship orientated and labels everyone as her best friend; many girls at school that come over to play, and she also uses it when describing peers in conversation. She appears to very friendly to all children she comes in contact with. Megan is a very active child and has many structured events during the week aside from her normal daily schooling. Every Monday night she has gymnastics class right after school, and on Wednesdays and Saturdays she plays soccer during the fall. During the spring she plays softball instead of soccer. While Megan enjoys her soccer games she is very sensitive to the failure of her team and overcritical of herself when reevaluating the game. She expects an almost perfection like standard for herself in all areas of her life and some times is easily defeated if she does not meet her desired expectations. This seems to steam from her parents disciplinary system of, rewarding her successes, yet; they are very sympathetic and understanding of her failures also and do not scold her or punish her for them. Her parents are not over critical, or over bearing of her, they only have normal expectations for their children. My prediction is that she will resolve this over-criticalness with time; she is just not use to failure because she has not had to deal with it much in her short life span. .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .postImageUrl , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:hover , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:visited , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:active { border:0!important; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:active , .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262 .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ae1729c071c46edb5d3774c87188262:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Conservation Essay According to Eriksons theory of psychosocial crisis, Megan is progressing adequately toward the direction of industry. She strives very hard to accomplish goals and tasks that are assigned to her. When given a 25-piece puzzle she tediously works on it until it is completed. Megan often chooses to do cognitive things, such as: puzzles, coloring book pages, building blocks, and board or card games, in her spare time. Megan receives a lot of positive reinforcement from her parents when she successful completes a task at school or in her extra curricular actives, which enforces her to .

Using Assessment and Feedback

Using Assessment and Feedback Gifted children require differentiated instructions to progress from what they already know to what they are yet to learn (Winebrenner, 2009). According to Sands and Barker (2004), teachers differentiate instructions by planning the implementation of curriculum and instructions with an understanding that learners differ in various ways. In this case, the complexity of content is varied depending on the ability of a student.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using Assessment and Feedback specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the philosophy of differentiation is that a student’s assessment begins before a subject is introduced and continues after the subject ends (Braud, n.d.). Additionally, feedback, from the assessment, should be used to improve the curriculum and the methods of teaching (Braud, n.d.). This essay discusses how assessment and feedback can be used to differentiate instructions in an effort t o support multiple intelligences in gifted class. Assessments refer to tasks assigned to students with the aim of determining the degree to which they have acquired skills and knowledge in a given subject (Curtiss, n.d). This means that assessments determine the extent to which the curriculum has been mastered by students (Winebrenner, 2009). For gifted students to make positive progress, assessments should be done consistently. Besides, students must be encouraged to develop ways of assessing their independent studies. Assessments are usually done before and after a task. Consequently, there is a pre-assessment and a post-assessment. In a pre-assessment, teachers strive to find out what students already know. This helps them avoid materials that students are familiar with or methods that are ineffective to students (Winebrenner, 2009). A typical method of performing a pre-assessment is squaring off (Curtiss, n.d). In squaring off, post cards describing the level of knowledge in a g iven subject are placed at each corner of the classroom. Students are then allowed to move to a corner that conforms to their knowledge on the subject. On the other hand, a post assessment is undertaken to find out what the students have learned from a given subject (Curtiss, n.d). The most exiting method of performing a post- assessment aimed at differentiating instruction to support multiple intelligences in students is the use of wraparounds (Curtiss, n.d). In this case, students form a circle where each demonstrates what he had learned in class (Curtiss, n.d). Additionally, the student is required to apply the knowledge from a lesson, illustrate something from it and provide a real life example (Curtiss, n.d).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Providing feedback is one of the surest ways of highlighting progress in a student. Feedback gives a student the opportunity to che ck with the teacher or a mentor and, therefore, ask questions (Intel, n.d.). Furthermore, feedback enables teachers to improve on their curriculum and teaching methods. Consequently, teachers are able to further differentiate learning instruction by modifying the five elements of differentiation through feedback. According to Winebrenner (2009), these elements include content, process, product, environment and assessment. A teacher is responsible for teaching student the content. A student who learn the content in less time or already know some of the content, qualifies for differentiate learning (Sands and Barker, 2004). Sands and Barker (2004) further reaffirm that use of more complex learning materials and learning centers, compacting and use of mentors are some of the ways of differentiating content. The process is the method used by students to make sense of concepts, generalization and required standards (Winebrenner, 2009). Teachers can differentiate the learning process by u se of flexible groups and sophisticated research (Winebrenner, 2009). According to Winebrenner (2009), the product entails the way students illustrate and exhibit their awareness of the content and process. For that reason, teachers differentiate products by allocating useful resources to students and demonstrating how these resources are used. Lastly, the environment is the physical setting and conditions under which a student learns (Winebrenner, 2009). In this regard, changing the actual place where students learn and allowing students to work with mentors differentiate the learning environment (Winebrenner, 2009). Surprisingly, in a class, it is the most able rather than the least able who learn less new materials after a given period of time (Winebrenner, 2009). Therefore, fellow teachers should understand that the plight of the gifted students is just as remarkable as that of children who struggle to learn. Interestingly, most gifted children, understand most of the subject ma tter a teacher teaches (Winebrenner, 2009). These children, thus, must be excused from work and assignments that are not necessary to them. Winebrenner (2009) states that teachers are not only supposed to teach the content, but also ensure that all students learn new stuff daily. If gifted children complete a task with little or no effort, they may conclude that being smart means doing things easily. Consequently, they may not be able to counter challenges in the future. Differentiation should, therefore, be used to provide them with more challenging tasks (Tillman, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Using Assessment and Feedback specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, it is worth noting that assessment and feedback can be used to differentiate instructions in a bid to support multiple intelligences in a gifted class. For that reason, enough attention should be given to gifted children in order to make t hem productive. References Curtiss, C. (n.d.). Creativity and instructional strategies: Differentiating for gifted students in the mixed-ability classroom. Retrieved from www.esc13.net/gt Braud, L. (n.d.). How to assess differentiated instructions. Retrieved from ehow.com/how_7761608_assess-differentiated-instruction.html Intel. (n.d.). Designing effective projects: Project-based to engage students. Teacher and peer feedback. Retrieved from http://educate.intel.com/en/ProjectDesign/InstructionalStrategies/Feedback Sands, D. I. Barker, H.B. (2004). Organized chaos: Modeling differentiated instructions for preservice teachers. Teaching and learning, 19(1), 26-49. Retrieved from und.nodak.edu/dept/ehd/journal/Fall%202004/sands.pdf Tillman, M. (2003). Differentiated instruction – an overview. Retrieved from 3villagecsd.k12.ny.us/Instructional_Technology/TchLrn/Differentinstructoverview.htm Winebrenner, S. (2009). Teaching gifted kids in the regular classroom: Strategies and tech niques every teacher can use to meet the academic needs of the gifted and talented. Free Spirit Publishing. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=G1n-uCl_e7ICdq=using+assessment+and+feedback+strategies+in+differentiated+instruction+for+a+gifted+classroomlr=source=gbs_navlinks_sAdvertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Classic Quotes From Stand-Up Comic Jim Gaffigan

Classic Quotes From Stand-Up Comic Jim Gaffigan Jim Gaffigans comic timing is impeccable. He knows how to tickle your funny bone. Self-deprecating humor never fails to elicit laughs, and  Gaffigans a master at it.   This Indiana native who got a big lift from late-night host David Letterman in 1993 has several trademarks. Besides his self-deprecation, he also regularly voices the internal monologue of his audience and makes constant jokes about food and strawberry blond hair. Hes one funny guy. Here are some samples. Food Pie can’t compete with cake. Put candles in a cake, it’s a birthday cake. Put candles in a pie, and somebody’s drunk in the kitchen. We’re never satisfied when it comes to food. You know what’d be good on this burger? A ham sandwich. Instead of a bun, let’s use two doughnuts. That way we can have it for breakfast. Look out McGriddle. Here comes the doughnut-ham-hamburger! There is the vegetarian Hot Pocket for those of us who dont want to eat meat  but would still like diarrhea. Im a big eater. I mean, a lot of my stand-up is about food, and you write about what you know, and thats the only thing I know. I dont know anything else. Whenever Im out of town for at least a week, I feel like I should write a postcard or something, but you can be a genius, you try and write a postcard you come across like a moron anyway: This citys got big buildings. I like food. Bye. Self-Deprecation Actually, the reason I look like this is because my father was from Sweden and my mother was  Elton John. The only advantage to wearing glasses is that you can do that dramatic removal. But in  Indiana, its not like New York where everyones like, Were from New York and were the best or Were from Texas and we like things big; its more like Were from Indiana and were gonna move. I love how New York is so multicultural. I wish I was ethnic. Im nothing. Because if youre Hispanic and you get angry, people are like, Hes got a Latin temper! If youre a white guy and you get angry, people are like, That guys a jerk. My whole comic persona is that of a guy who explores the id: I romanticize gluttony, I romanticize laziness, and people identify with that. Everything Else I come from a very big family ... nine parents. Ever wonder what people got Jesus for Christmas? Its like, Oh great, socks. You know Im dying for your sins, right? Yeah, but thanks for the socks! Theyll go great with my sandals. What am I, German? I was watching the Animal Planet. Did you know that the male seahorse has the baby? Why dont they just call that one the female? Whenever you are single, all you see are couples, but whenever you are a couple, all you see are hookers.

Free Trade Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Trade Agreements - Essay Example The per capita consumption in U.S tripled by introduction of free trade practice. Americans are depending on different countries in the world for different needs. Americans importing cameras and car from Japan, shirts from Bangladesh, videocassette recorders from South Korea, paper products from Canada, fresh flowers from Ecuador, Oil from Kuwait, steel from China and Computer Programmes from India. In 2001, U.S imports of goods and services totalled $1.6 trillion. Not only in importing goods, Americans are number one in world exporters. They sell computers, bulldozers, financial services, movies and thousands of other products to entire world. They are selling $1.3 trillion worth goods to different parts of the world. In the past three decades, the U.S imports and exports increased from 11 percent to 30 percent. And also financial investment is gown from less than 1percent to 3percent. One of major concern of the Americans was the large import from different countries may destroy the jobs and nation becoming dependent on others. But the trade is the great generator of economic well-being. It improves the competition, through the productivity and quality will improve. It will avail cheaper and better good for the consumers. By spurring economic activity and reducing cots, trade helps create jobs. By enhancing productivity and quality, the U.S companies makes vibrant in world market. Imports are the real fruits of trade because the end goal of economy activity is consumption. Americans view the free trade as an unfair trade. The cheap imports hurts the higher cost US suppliers, but consumers will gain from this. The U.S traders become more dependent on other countries. The domestic industries will fell down. It will destroy the jobs of factory workers, farmers and reduce the wages. On wrong heading into a trade, will sap the US economy and sour its relationship with other countries. The American live and work in a highly dependent Society. People buys good from thousands of sources, including different part of the world. U. S accepted specialisation and trade and as it rewards the standard of living is higher than any other country in the world. English economist David Ricardo explained the benefits of specialisation and trade. In his theory he explains, an average American worker produces 100bushels of soybeans or five pairs of shoes and a Chinese worker produces 8 bushels of soybean and 4 pair of shoes. U.S is more productive than China in both industries, but specialization and trade both the counties can gain more. By shifting American worker from shoe factory to soybean farm produces a gain of 100 bushels of soybeans at the cost of five pairs of shoes. Shifting two Chinese workers from farm to factory raises show out put by eight pairs but cuts soybean production by 16 bushels. The net effect is an increase of 84 bushel of soybean and three pairs of shoes. In this example both the countries should specialised on their own products and this will maximise the production. Both countries can divide the production between themselves and it will offer better than they were by their own. The specialization of trade arises out of the profit motive. Each country can expertise their own advantage and support to the countries for their needs as expertise on their product. By the country can offer better living standards to the people. If we consume only what we produce,

The time machine ch5-8 summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The time machine ch5-8 summary - Essay Example (Wells 5) Time Travelers is aware that there should be properly investigated the Morlocks, though he doesn’t since they are disgusting. He doesn’t go underground through the exploration of the surface. Weena was annoyed when she realized on what was happening. Time Travelers feels soft hand of Morlock touching him which in a way jolts him. He then follows the tunnel and finds full of a caravan machinery. He is not worried by the feeling of blood. (Wells 6) The chapter presents Time Traveler thinking about the meat as seen underground. He walks to the Palace Green Porcelain with Weena. As he walks, he packs the office with flowers. As they walk the place is far and at night they decide to take a night at the hill. In this chapter, he realizes that the concerns of the human being are small and that the history of human being is easy to wipe. (Wells 7) As they reach the palace, they are reminded of the museum and they explore it as they tend to get tools to help him in getting the Morlocks. He gets weapons and now feels he is ready to kill some Morlocks. He walks and finds the weapon section though he is a bit disappointed as he realized that all the guns are rusted. There is also a presented room which is full of idols and statues and therefore he caves his name on it. (Wells

NGOs and Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

NGOs and Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan Essay To start with, non- governmental organizations assist in the collection and documentation of data regarding violence against women in Pakistan. Due to their passionate and active involvement in the whole issue of violence against women, these groups have been able to collect and document most of the information that is associated with this subject. Aspects such as the regional preference of violence against women are well documented. It is clearly indicated that women in rural areas of Pakistan are the most vulnerable group when it comes to violence against women. Due to reasons such as illiteracy and little exposure of the people in these regions, the males still respect the outdated behavior of male superiority and all that they do when the women are perceived to have made any mistake is to beat them up. Other practices that are still being carried out in the rural parts of Pakistan that are considered oppressive to women include the qasas, the hudood, karokari and early marriages of young girls to adult men (Kumar, 2005). Other crucial details that can be obtained from the records kept by these organizations are the type of violence that is common in Pakistan, the various bodies that are involved in the fight against violence against women, the success levels of the efforts and the effects of violence against women in Pakistan. Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation was registered in 1986 and it stores information on the welfare of women in Pakistan. There is also the Applied Social Research organization that was established and registered in 1983 and Simorgh- Womens Resource and Publication Centre that are rich sources of information on women’s affairs including violence against women in Pakistan. Apart from the above, non- governmental organizations in Pakistan play another vital role of direct provision of skills that assist the women in attaining economic independency. Their philosophy in this is that an economically empowered woman will not run to her male companion now and then for assistance thus reducing chances of being subjected to violence. Hawwa Associates as a non-governmental organization has offered support to women involved in making handicrafts in Pakistan for a very long period (Asian Development Bank, n. d). The Adult Basic Education Society has been in existence since nineteen seventy two and has undertaken the training of girls in non- formal education as a major project. It has also carried out a multi-grade teaching training for Pakistani women in the Rawalpindi Division. This project ran from 1998 to 2001. The Association for Creation of Employment trained women on how to secure training and get employment in the year 1997. They were also given training on how to handle businesses and access micro-credit facilities for their businesses (Association for the Development of Pakistan). Behbud Association is another non-governmental organization that is deeply involved in the tackling of violence against women in Pakistan through female empowerment. Established in nineteen seventy, Behbud Association has carried out major projects such as the skills training of 1971 and the education project of 1971. All these projects were carried out in Karachi, the capital city of Pakistan and the main aim was to empower women with skills that are supposed to give them an economic edge. The Bunyad Literacy Community Council has also carried out major empowerment projects such as the women development project of 1998 and the empowerment for poverty alleviation project of 1999. Caritas was established in 1965 and registered in 1980. It opened handicraft centers for women in 1998 and developed an education program for working girls in the same year. It‘s area of operation is around Punjab in Lahore. Also, there is the De Laas Gul Welfare Program that was established in 1976 but got formal registration in 1988. With vocational training as its thematic area; it has a running tailoring training project for women. This tailoring project commenced in 1997. TheAga Khan Development Network has also participated in women empowerment through micro-finance (Aga Khan Development Network, n. d). The economic empowerment of women in Pakistan has led to the reduction of gender based violence albeit not to the desired levels. The provision of counseling services to victims of domestic violence in Pakistan has always been the concern of non-governmental organizations. Bedari was established in the year nineteen ninety two and deals mainly with the psychological health of women. Those caught up in the confusion of domestic violence always access counseling services from Bedari. It is obvious that victims of violence always end up suffering from trauma as well as other psychological disturbances that can only be dealt with through the provision of psychotherapy. Theater services are offered in villages by this organization with its objective of psychological health as its major theme. Behbud Association also handles women’s health issues and was able to deal with distress management and rehabilitation of the victims of violence back in 1971 (Daiya, 2002). The role of educating the public and making it aware of the concerns of women in Pakistan is also taken up by non governmental organizations. Issues such as domestic violence that leads to grave injuries of women and sometimes even death are always brought out to the public by non governmental organizations working in Pakistan. For reasons such as that of being perceived as being weak and ineffective by its own people and a watching world, the Pakistani government does not come out to inform the general public the state of violence against women in the country. And this is where the non-governmental organizations come in handy. Ways of understanding and combating violence against women are taught to the public and the state of abuse of women is disclosed. The All Pakistan Women’s Association established in nineteen forty nine and registered in nineteen sixty five carries out the crucial role of educating the public on women’s issues. It handles the moral, social and economic concerns of Pakistani women and the one of the ways by which it does this is by educating the public and raising awareness on matters pertaining to violence against women. Violence against women takes many forms such as sexual violence, economic violence, verbal violence that comes in form of verbal abuses as well as the common physical violence that leads to bodily harm of the victim. The All Pakistan Women’s Association avails this information to the public (Persona Blog, 2007, All Pakistan Women’s Association). Besides the above, non-governmental organizations in Pakistani protect the rights of women as a role in the whole issue of violence against women. They ensure that there is no discrimination of women in the country as far as the sharing of resources is concerned. The Mothers’ Trust and the National Research and Development Foundation are at the forefront in pushing forward the rights of women. Vocational training aimed at giving women a leap so as to catch up with their male counterparts is done by the Mothers’ Trust while the National Research and Development Foundation has handled the rights of women through projects such as the Ulema and Women’s Rights project of 1998. These non governmental organizations that are involved in the push for the preservation of the rights of women also go a head to ensure that government and private enterprises that do not recognize the rights of women as human rights are exposed and pressurized to grant women equal rights like their male counterparts. Thus informing women about their rights is not the only way through which these organizations push for the recognition of the rights of women. Through coordination and networking with other organizations and government agencies, they are able to ensure that females are given full protection by the law through enforcement of penalties that are meant for those who overstep the line and subject women and girls to violence of whatever form. Far from the above, non-governmental organizations in Pakistan perform the important role of assisting women in developing action plans for their activities. Most of these organizations are international and therefore possess lots of skilled manpower. This skilled manpower always comes in handy when the women of Pakistan are supposed to come up with comprehensive ways of dealing with the issues that affect them. Therefore the design and development of work plans, action agenda and execution strategies is done by the trained members of these organizations who go a head to train the local women on how to do these things on their own (Women Empowerment Literacy and Development Organization). The Sustainable Development Policy Institute that was established and registered in 1992 has assisted Pakistani women in coming up with action plans for a long time. The Bunyad Literacy Community Council has also undertaken training programs for women focusing on how to shape their agenda as they fight for their place in society in Pakistan (Sustainable Development Policy institute). Non-governmental organizations also play the role of lobbyists in the area of legislation. The driving motivation or interest is to have laws favoring women passed by the country’s legislative body which is the Pakistani parliament. They also lobby so that laws that condemn women are dropped from the establishment. The reduction in the powers of the country’s backward traditions is as a result of the hard work done by non-governmental organizations through their lobbying. Their lobbying activities are normally done by writing to the legislators, buying spaces and airtime for advertisements in the country’s print and electronic media and holding demonstrations when there are signs of a possible negative legislation. Leaving the above aside, non- governmental organizations in Pakistan play the role a catalyst in the encouragement of local women to participate in social processes that are geared towards the betterment of their lives. There is common understanding that there can be no meaningful change of any kind if the rural women are not involved in the whole activism process. The role of making the grassroots women active in matters pertaining to opposition to violence meted out on women is therefore the work of non-governmental organizations and community based organizations in Pakistan. Through activities such as the theater programs as well as the training activities carried out by organizations such as the Mothers’ Trust, Pakistani women are mobilized and energized and this makes it easy for them to receive the targeted or intended information that is geared towards making them change their behavior so as to reduce chances of being caught up in the mess of gender based violence. This mobilization is also vital when it comes to areas where their numbers are needed to push for a particular agenda. For example if a certain piece of legislation is supposed to be passed and its impact on the lives of women will be devastating, the huge numbers of mobilized women will come out and effectively shut down the legislation by putting pressure on the legislators. If the law is beneficial to women and it is threatened with being shot down, the huge numbers of mobilized women can also come out and pressure the law makers into enacting the law. This mobilization works to the best advantage of the women (Farman). Another equally important role that is performed by non-governmental organizations in Pakistan as far as violence against women is concerned is that they act as safe havens for abused women. It is not surprising that some of the non governmental organizations operating in Pakistan run homes and centers where women and girls who are abused are given temporary hosing or accommodation till conditions that they are running away from are changed. In these homes or centers, the women and girls are provided with food, clothing, shelter as well as education. They are also provided with health facilities. It is not uncommon to find schools and hospitals within these centers or homes meant for the rescued victims (Behbud Association, n. d). Also, the world has come to understand the position of women in Pakistan not through the efforts of the government of Pakistan but through the loud cries of the non governmental organizations that are handling women’s issues in Pakistan (NGO NET portal on women and children’s human rights, 2008). Since the government is always ashamed of the poor state of women’s rights, they shut down any attempt to tell the world what is going on inside Pakistan as far as women’s issues are concerned. The non-governmental organizations, especially the international ones that are based in other countries such as Britain and the United States of America serve as informers to the rest of the world concerning the state of affairs of women in Pakistan. It is possible that without these non-governmental organizations within Pakistan, the world will be unable to know what the Pakistani woman is going through (Shaheen, 2002). In addition to the above, the non-governmental organizations serve as points of direct employment for victims of violence. Most of the women and girls who are rescued from abusive relationships within the Pakistani society undergo a period of treatment so as to clear trauma. After this treatment, they are given some duties within these organizations so that they are able to earn a wage which they use to meet their needs. In addition to teaching them some bit of responsibility and earning them a living, these people assist the organizations in doing some of the duties that they are supposed to do without spending so much (Association of business professional and agricultural women Pakistan). Moving away from the above, the non-governmental organizations in Pakistan also play the role of a vigorous campaigner as far as violence against women is concerned. Apart from the areas of education and creating awareness, the non-governmental organizations campaign with a lot of energy against this form of violence which reduces women to sub humans. They reach out to remote villages with clear messages on why men should treat their women and girls with dignity and respect as opposed to disrespect and abuse. The greater part of the campaign against violence that is directed towards women is carried out by these organizations with the Pakistani government only playing a facilitating role. The messages that are given out through the print and electronic media, the conferences, workshops, and seminars on the protection of the rights of women and girls are sponsored by non governmental organizations working within the boundaries of Pakistan (Khan, 2008). As a result of their duplicated roles and sometimes lack of transparency as well as political interference, the non-governmental organizations have also created confusion in Pakistan in the field of violence against women. This has led to the divergence from the key message and the failure to achieve the set goal of total freedom for the Pakistani woman. This is an unfortunate role that some of the non-governmental organizations working in Pakistan have found themselves playing (Raza Ghauri, 2005, Chetia, 2007). In conclusion, it is clear the non-governmental organizations in Pakistan play numerous roles as far violence against women is concerned. They act as sources of data on this crucial subject, equip abused women with skills as a way of empowering them, they offer counseling services for the victims of violence, they educate the public, and assist women in coming up with action plans. They also assist in legislation through lobbying; mobilize women at the grassroots, act as safe haven for victims of violence, act as the eyes of the world, offer direct employment to women and act as campaigners against this vice. They also play the negative role of creators of confusion in the fight against violence against women due to political intervention, corruption and role duplication. References: Aga Khan Development Network, (n. d), AKDN in Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. akdn. org/pakistan Asian Development Bank, (n. d): Gender and Development: Training Program for Women Artisans HAWWA Associates. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. adb. org/gender/working/pak003. asp Association for the Development of Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://forums. developpakistan. org/viewtopic. php? p=1370sid=3c1089e69fe80705b96ea4c05cd43ccc Association of business professional and agricultural women Pakistan: Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. abpaw. cjb. net/ Behbud Association, (n. d); Karachi Family Health Centers. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://xiber. com/behbud/health. htm Chetia, N. , (2007); Pakistani Women in Politics. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www.iknowpolitics. org/node/1900 Daiya, K. , (2002): Honourable Resolutions: Gendered Violence, Ethnicity, and the Nation. Alternatives Journal: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 27, 2002 Khan, A. N. , (2008); Peace, Justice, Democracy: Country Report: Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://groups. google. co. ke/group/peace-justice-democracy/browse_thread/thread/a33dc1bedb152c18? hl=enie=UTF-8q=roles+of+NGOs+in+pakistan+on+violence+against+women#e020275ebdbf7d8c Kumar, M. , (2005); The Hidden Conflict: False Optimism and Silent Strategy in Kashmir. Harvard International Review Journal, Vol. 26 NGO NET portal on women and children’s human rights, (2008). Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. netbaz. org/ Persona Blog, (2007): Role of women rights organizations in Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://spot. bz/blogs/fun2shhspotbz/2008/05/07/role-of-women-rights-organization-in-pakistan/ Raza, S. Ghauri, I. , (2005); Feudalism, tribalism engendering bias Musharraf lambastes NGOs for ‘demonizing’ Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://forum. atimes. com/topic.asp? TOPIC_ID=3609 Shaheen, (2002); Insufficient Protection of Women: Amnesty Report on Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://groups. google. co. ke/group/soc. culture. pakistan/browse_thread/thread/afdb81b2097e893a? hl=enie=UTF-8q=women%27s+NGOs+in+pakistan#df815d5af7e911d1 Sustainable Development Policy institute: Know your rights. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. sdpi. org/know_your_rights/ngo. htm#allpak Women Empowerment Literacy and Development Organization. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. weldo. org/

Media Violence Essay -- essays research papers

Does entertainment influence society's attitude towards violent behavior? In order to fully answer this question we must first understand what violence is. Violence is the use of one's powers to inflict mental or physical injury upon another; examples of this would be rape or murder. Violence in entertainment reaches the public by way of television, movies, plays, music, and novels. Through the course of this essay it will be proven that violence in entertainment is a major factor in the escalation of violence in society, once this is proven we will take all of the evidence that has been shown throughout this paper and come to a conclusion as to whether or not violence in entertainment is justified and whether or not it should be censored.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television with its far reaching influence spreads across the globe. Its most important role is that of reporting the news and maintaining communication between people around the world. Television's most influential, yet most serious aspect is its shows for entertainment. Violent children's shows like Mighty Morphing Power Rangers and adult shows like NYPD Blue and Homicide almost always fail to show human beings being able to resolve their differences in a non-violent manner; instead they show a reckless attitude that promotes violent action first with reflection on the consequences later. Contemporary television creates a seemingly insatiable appetite for amusement of all kinds without regard for social or moral benefits (Schultze 41). Findings over the past twenty years by three Surgeon Generals, the Attorney General's Task Force on Family Violence, the American Medical Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and other medical authorities indicate that televised violence is harmful to all of us, but particularly to the mental health of children (Medved 70-71).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1989 the results of a five year study by the American Psychological Association indicated that the average child has witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on television by the time he or she has completed sixth grade. In further studies it was determined that by the time that same child graduates from high school he or she will have spent 22,000 hours w... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the government ever did censor violent entertainment who knows where they would stop, or even if they would. Perhaps they would try to censor violent speech or try to censor the speech of those who disagreed with the actions of the government. The simple message is don't promote censorship, because it could easily get out of hand, and as the old saying goes â€Å"the road to hell is paved with good intentions†. There are then only two ways to get rid of the violent entertainment in our lives: we could shame those who make the violent movies, television shows, books, and plays, into having a social conscience, making them be less prone to creating violent entertainment; or we could simply solve the problem ourselves, with a push of a button, or the turn of a page. Work Cited ~ American Rifleman (1993). TV Violence: Does it Cause Real-Life Mayhem? Lamson, Susan R, 19-23, 30-50, 100-109 ~ Greenhaven Press, (1992). Youth Violence. Leone, Bruno, 32-48. ~ www.nccev.org/violence/statistics/statistics-media.html ~ www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Media.html ~ www.health.org/govpubs/ms714.html ~ www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/ september99/media_violence.html

Not Waving but Drowning Essay

Not waving but drowning – the poem written by stevie smith is itself a conceit. The whole poem is an extended metaphor for someone going through depression and his cries have constantly been ignored. The phrase â€Å"I was much further out than you thought† gives out a message that the man was too far out all his life. He had nothing to look forward to, this could also mean that he hence drowned on his own will. Though â€Å"Still lay moaning† shows that he had been trying to show his emotions since a long time but he was hiding behind false emotions. Poor chap, he always loved larking. And now he’s dead† is a sarcastic caption , this shows that the town people show no little concern about his death. Maybe also because he was always cold , to just hide his sorrows. The poem could also be interpreted as ,that the man all this while has been drowning and not waving as from far flawing your hands look like you are waving, the people must have hence misperceived his predicament and hence left him there alone, to drown. Not waving but drowning stresses pain and suffering, specifically the pain and suffering of a dieing old man. â€Å"Oh no no no , it was too cold always† shows that if he died from being in depression, he was always in depression, and no one realized as he hid it all this while, by larking and trying to be happy. The poet concludes the poem with â€Å"And not waving but drowning† which shows that the man is in complete denial and dies in despair.

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization.

1. IntroductionNoe ( 2005 ) states that â€Å"Training and development is including activities that help cultivate employees ‘ accomplishments, cognition, and abilities. Trained employees have competences to run into the current and future demands of organisation. Through the preparation and intercession steps, the human resources sections help organisations to set up a high-performing, active and engaged workforce† . In the concern universe, preparation and development refers to back up internal human resource efficiency of excess surveies instruction and better the procedure in an organisation. Due to the preparation and development inseparable, these two words are by and large used to specify employee with each other in continuously better to accomplish a series of organisational ends. If without preparation and development plans, organisation may non be able to recognize their full potency. In most organisations, developing and development undertaking is to cover with human resource direction forces. This relationship depends on everybody ‘s communicating, cooperation and clear set of occupation accomplishments as defined by occupation descriptions among all degrees of the organisation. When an organisation ‘s values can do employees eager to accomplish their ends, so employee development program can be implemented to do this sort of circumstance occurrence ( Neo, 2005 ) . The intent of this assignment is speaking about how employees developing and development of HRM will act upon the public presentation of an organisation. I am traveling to happen out some groundss, provide literature reappraisals and through analysis to present how preparation and development influence organisational public presentation.2. Research QuestionThis assignment subject describes that how the employees preparation and development of HRM will act upon the public presentation of an organization.Training and development are of import constituents of human resource. This is a procedure in which the possible endowments and accomplishments of employees are honed and polished. The employees are trained on both the proficient facets of their occupations and on interpersonal accomplishments. This subject Lashkar-e-Taiba people cognize the employees preparation and development of importance in the human resource direction and what relationship between preparation development and public presentation of organisation is.3. Importance of StudyTraining and development is construction to assist employees to develop their personal and organisational accomplishments, cognition and the abilities. For all facets of human resource development, particularly, the most superior work force is the development, so that their organisations and single employees can make the work ends for client service. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitory labour market. This is merely manner can be achieved through staff preparation and development. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitory labour market. This is merely manner can be achieved through staff preparation and development. Employees ever want to for bettering career-enhancing accomplishments, which will ever take to the enthusiasm and keeping of the employees. there is no uncertainty that a good preparation and development employees will be a valuable plus to the organisation and Thus increasing chances of efficiency in executing his responsibilities ( Tobby,2011 ) . Training can be chiefly of two types in an organisation: Internal and external preparation class. When preparation is the internal preparation, it is including that organisation ‘s internal hour section or preparation section is utilizing a senior staff or any outstanding staff in specific sectors as a resource individual. On the other manus external preparation usually conducted outside the company, chiefly is organized preparation establishments or adviser. No affair which preparation, it is important for all staff and aid in constructing calling placement and readying of staff for greater challenges ( Tobby,2011 ) . The employer should enable staff to prosecute work preparation and development in a way that they choose and are interested in, non merely in assigned specific way. The organisations should back up the acquisition, in general, and non merely in support of the current cognition workers needed for the occupation or following expected. It should be noted that the cardinal factor is to guarantee employees engaged in the involvement of, go toing, and motivated and retained ( Adiele, 2009 ) . For every employee to execute good particularly directors or supervisors, there is demand for continued preparation and development. The right staff preparation, development and instruction offer large net income for the employer to the increased productiveness, cognition, trueness, and part to common growing of the organisation. In most instances, external preparation for the participants of the illustration provides a new manner to run into people in the same field and web. The meeting will give them a opportunity to compare jobs, happen out what is to obtain the other side environment. It decidedly will present positive alterations where necessary ( Adiele, 2009 ) .4. Literature Reappraisal4.1 background informationNoe ( 2005 ) states that â€Å"Traditionally, developing and development was non considered as an activity that could assist organisations to make â€Å"value† and cover with competitory challenges successfully. Nowadays, that position changed. Organizations use advanced preparation and development plans is likely to describe better fiscal public presentation than their challengers that non make. Training and development besides helps a company to run into competitory challenges. For case, as organisations tried to set new merchandises to market and adjust services just-in-time, employees need developing and cognition required every bit shortly as possible delivery.† At present, preparation and development dramas an of import function in assisting organisations run into some challenges. Therefore, organisations need to develop employees to work with individuals from different civilizations both in domestic and foreign people. If the preparation such as Web and multimedia, these new engineerings will cut down the costs associated with conveying employees to a cardinal location for preparation. In homology, these developing methods include the necessary conditions ( feedback, pattern, etc ) for larning to happen. Due to the development of the cyberspace, e-commerce has exploded on the concern scene. Organizations have already recognized that preparation and development activities can accommodate to the Internet, cut downing costs and increasing their effectivity, ensuing in the development of electronic acquisition ( Neo, 2005 ) . Training consequence has expanded beyond developing plan design. Effective instructional preparation is still of import, but more and more preparation directors, human resource experts and developing staff have been asked to make systems to actuate employees to larn, portion that cognition with other employees in the organisation. Training has moved from an accent on a erstwhile event to the creative activity of conditions for larning that can happen through coaction, online acquisition, traditional schoolroom preparation, or a combination of methods. There is increased acknowledgment that larning occurs without a formal preparation class ( Neo, 2005 ) .4.2 Key point 1 Better public presentation of the employeesTraining is a procedure of acquisition every bit good as the application of acquired cognition taking at better public presentation of the employees, while development involves non merely in relation to the procedure, but besides related to assist employees in set uping their personality, at the same clip as, better their advancement to recognize their full potencies. Training and development plans bring a immense alteration in footings of cognition, attitudes and behaviour of employees. Because of these plans, the employees are non merely familiar with what is expected of them and how they need to heighten their accomplishments and abilities, but besides it is a manner to finish the full organisation development, effectivity and efficiency in a coveted mode. The major advantages of Training and development plans are the employees who are non trained need more supervising than those who are trained.An employee will additions new cognition, accomplishments and attitudes and applies them in their work situations.Training is a sort of method to construct up assurance among the employees, so that they do n't hold any obstructor to run their undertakings. The intent of this plan is to salvage money, because the organisation is likely to bear heavy outgo on engaging new employees.This is besides one of the best ways to spread out the span of direction.4.3 Key point 2 Benefits for both the organisation and employeesThe benefits of Training are intangible and it is good for both sides that the organisation and employees for long-run investing in preparation. Training enhances the employees ‘ degree of accomplishments. It provides sense of satisfaction ; this is a sort of interior motive. The preparation besides provides a assortment of Sill ss employees. Training increases the employees ‘ committedness to their occupation and their organisation. It is better understanding of occupations reduces accidents ( Ansar, 2009 ) . The one of the most of import benefits of an organisational preparation is that it provides accomplishments within the organisation to cut down comprehensive cost of the organisational operations. Quality is one of the cardinal factors needed for endurance of an organisation in long term involvements. Entire Quality Management ( TQM ) and other quality direction techniques require employees ‘ preparation as an of import necessity for its successful execution ( Ansar, 2009 ) .4.4 Key point 3 Competitive leadTo accomplish competitory advantage from the organisational preparation and development, preparation and development section aid take insufficient or public presentation lacks in employee. It is peculiarly true when – ( 1 ) the lack is caused by a deficiency of ability instead than a deficiency of motive to execute, ( 2 ) the person ( s ) involved have the aptitude and motive demand to larn how to make the occupation better, and ( 3 ) supervisors and equals are supportive of the coveted behaviours ( Kumar, 2011 ) . An organisational preparation and development wages dividends to the employee and the organisation. Although there are no individual preparation plan benefits, the organisation committed to better its preparation and development to heighten its human resource capablenesss and strengthens its competitory advantages. Meanwhile, the employee ‘s personal and calling ends are furthered, by and large adding to his abilities and value to the employer. Ultimately, the aims of the human resource section are besides furthered ( Kumar, 2011 ) .4.5 Summary of Literature ReviewTraining and development is a really perfect manner to better the fight of an organisation. It besides enhances the employees ‘ accomplishments, abilities and many other facets. Actually, both of employees and organisation obtain the benefits. Training and development plan is one of the best ways to spread out the span of direction. It is besides to salvage money for organisation.5. Analysis5.1 Analysis for poin t1Well-trained, skilled employees are far better than those without preparation, and they have better calling ‘s chances. They will go competent and execute their assigned undertaking independently. For illustration, one time an untrained employee asked his friend who was trained, â€Å"I do n't believe developing plan is of any value. After all what you learn by it? † He replied, â€Å"We are trained even how to inquire inquiries and the art of effectual communicating which you seem to be lacking.†In fact, it ‘s interesting illustration, but it reveals the fact as preparation is covered all necessary accomplishments of the employees required in the workplace while actuating them to work in a coveted and capable manner ( zeromillion.com, 2011 ) . Internal preparation provides the accurate placement and demand with satisfaction of those demands so interwoven into current procedures and work flow. When a new job or facet of work is identified, developing and development provides prompt development of the employee accomplishments needed to get the hang this procedure. Besides that, the preparation and development gives instructional staff chance for immediate rectification of employee with errors in the workplace, immediate reappraisal, and more preparation ‘s designation. When preparation and development consequences have better consequence, employees tend to expose a greater sense of ownership and pride in their work. This can assist organisation to increasing productiveness and efficiency, at same clip, occupation satisfaction besides increases. Employees who are satisfied in their work are more likely to redouble their attempts and be more valuable to the company, which will in bend, put the organisation in a stronger place ( zeromillion.com, 2011 ) .5.2 Analysis for point 2Customer satisfaction increases repetition concern, this is a cardinal to success.Training will advance good client dealingss and harmonizing to preparation, organisation will increase client satisfaction and quality of service.â€Å"Just In Time† stress on waste decrease and production procedure of waiting time.Better preparation will cut down waste and machine down clip. A major portion of quality costs by supervising ; by supplying appropriate preparation this is reduc ed. Training improves productiveness of employees and procedures ( Ansar, 2009 ) . High staff turnover may be a serious menace to being of an organisation, preparation can cut down staff turnover and assist an organisation to retain its staff. Better preparation can do an organisation more competitory in concern market ( Ansar, 2009 ) . In a service industry organisation chief beginning of income is its employees professional cognition and the accomplishments, hold oning professional with high accomplishments is comparatively expensive than developing current employees to get those accomplishments. Training is besides a cardinal demand for new entry demands ; appropriate preparation helps them to understand their place, its demands and duties. Training will besides increase the understanding organisational civilization ( Ansar, 2009 ) . Training plans increases communicating between different degrees of an organization.Any deficit in procedures and working were canceled and those close to production processes become involve in the management.Employees ‘ authorization is a recent tendency in direction ( Ansar, 2009 ) .5.3 Analysis for point 3Competitive leadThere is greater flexibleness, capacity, stableness and for growing in an organization.Training provides employees at least in the stableness of two aspects.Trained employees go efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organisation, particularly when growth.In add-on, well-trained employees tend to remain in the organisation. They seldom left the organization.All Renaissance mans can be transferred to any job.Therefore flexibleness is ensured.Growth indicates prosperity, which is reflected in increased net incomes from twelvemonth to year.Who else but well-trained employees can lend to the prosperity of an organisation? Harmonizing to preparation and development, accidents, bit and harm to machinery and equipment can be avoided or minimized.Even ailments, absenteeism, dissatisfaction and turnover can be reduced if employees are trained good. Because of preparation and development plans, the hereafter needs of employees will acquire satisfaction.Training serves as an effectual beginning of enlisting. Training is an investing in human resources with a promise of better returns in future. Therefore, organisations can acquire more competitory though the preparation and development ( Kumar, 2011 ) .5.4 Summary of analysesThey will go competent and execute their assigned undertaking independently. Training can cut down staff turnover and assist an organisation to retain its staff. Better preparation can do an organisation more competitory in concern market. Trained employees go efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organisation. Finally, developing and development can convey a batch of benefits to both of organisation and em ployees.6. Conclusion & A ; Recommendation6.1 DecisionIn decision, we all know that preparation and development plans are of import for an organisation to develop the employee. When a kid was born he required changeless touch of parents till he stood on his ain feet.An organisation though flowered by picks of the society, still developing is required due to rapid technological up step and alteration in working methods every twenty-four hours. Training purposes at continued self-development of the employees. Employees are expected to develop themselves continuously in an organisation. When the employees in an organisation are developed from clip to clip with all updated cognition, so decidedly that organisation will turn to a greater tallness.6.2 RecommendationBoth employees and companies are concerned with developing future accomplishments and pull offing callings. Companies want a work force that is motivated and productive, has up-to-date accomplishments, and can rapidly larn new accomplishments to run into altering client demands. Employees want to develop accomplishments that non merely are utile for their current occupations but besides are congruous with their personal involvements and values. Employees are interested in developing accomplishments that can assist them stay employable with either their current employer or a future 1. Given the increasing clip demands of work, employees are besides interested in keeping balance between work and nonworking involvements.

Cuba, Battleground of Opposing Views essays

Cuba, Battleground of Opposing Views essays The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was one of the turning points of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time the two superpowers came closest to war than they had ever been, most likely with nuclear weapons. The actual crisis started when on October 14th 1962, a U-2 airplane brought back pictures of medium-range missile bases that were under construction around San Cristobal, on the west of the island. What followed was a face-off between the leaders of the two superpowers, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Kennedy reacted to the missile threat by imposing a naval blockade on Cub, preventing further missile deployment. The American blockade came into place on the morning of October 24th. With several Soviet ships approaching the blockade, there was great fear that if a ship did not halt, the U.S. battleships would have to be forced to fire and by doing this unleashing a nuclear war. Luckily the ships did stop or turn around. Matters got hectic once more when on October 27th an American U-2 was shot down by a SAM missile over Cuba and its pilot killed. Another American reconnaissance plane was hit by Cuban anti-aircraft guns, but it managed to fly home. If this plane had been shot down as well, the U.S. would probably have retaliated. But in the end neither leader wanted to engage in a nuclear war and a treaty was negotiated. This treaty stated that the Soviets would withdraw their missiles from Cuba if the Americans pledged not to invade Cuba. Part of the deal was also the removal of Soviet bombers from Cuba and the removal of the Jupiters from Turkey although not within any public deal. A potentially disastrous conflict was averted. In this paper I will try to explain what caused the Cuban Missile Crisis and why it was prevented. To do this I need to look at both Kennedys and Khrushchevs foreign policies. The task in our block book is entitled ...

Aristophanes the Ancient Greek Comedy Writer

Aristophanes the Ancient Greek Comedy Writer Aristophanes is important today because his work is still relevant. People still laugh at modern performances of his comedies. In particular, his famous womens sex strike for peace comedy, Lysistrata, continues to resonate. Pronunciation:  /à ¦.rÉ ª.sta.fÉ™.niz/ Examples:  In Aristophanes  Frogs, Dionysus, like Hercules before him, goes to the Underworld to bring back Euripides. The Old Comedy Old Comedy had been performed for 60 years prior to Aristophanes. In his time, as his work shows, Old Comedy was changing. It was bawdy and topically political, taking license with living people in the public eye. Ordinary humans played the most heroic characters. Gods and heroes could play buffoons. His style of Old Comedy is described as over-the-top, more like Animal House than How I Met Your Mother. The latter has a lineage that could be traced to an important comedy genre that came after Aristophanes. This was New Comedy, the stock character-filled comedy of manners, written by the Greek Menander and his Roman imitators. To be more completely accurate, New Comedy followed Middle Comedy, a little-known genre to which Aristophanes contributed at the end of his career. Aristophanes wrote comedies from 427-386 B.C., which gives us approximate dates for his life: (c. 448-385 B.C.). Unfortunately, we know very little about him, although he lived in Athens during periods of turmoil, beginning his writing career after the death of Pericles, during the Peloponnesian War. In A Handbook of Greek Literature, H.J. Rose says his father was named Philippos. Rose calls Aristophanes a member of the Athenian conservative party. Aristophanes Makes Fun of Socrates Aristophanes knew Socrates and poked fun at him in The Clouds, as an example of a sophist. From the other side, Aristophanes appears in Platos Symposium, comically hiccuping before he comes up with an inspired explanation for why there are are people with different sexual orientations. Of more than 40 plays written by Aristophanes, 11 survive. He won prizes at least six times but not all firsts four at the Lenaea (held roughly, in January), where comedy was added to the events in about 440 B.C., and two at the City Dionysia (roughly, in March), where only tragedy had been performed until about 486 B.C. While Aristophanes produced most of his own plays, he did not initially do so. Not until the Acharnians, a pro-peace play and one of those featuring the character of the great tragedian Euripides, won a prize at the Lenaea, in 425, did he start producing. His previous two plays, the Banqueteers, and the Babylonians do not survive. The Knights (Lenaea of 424), an attack on the political figure Cleon, and Frogs (Lenaia of 405), which also features the character of Euripides in a contest with Aeschylus, also won first prize. The generally irreverent, creative Aristophanes made fun of the gods and of real people. His portrayal of Socrates in The Clouds has been criticized for contributing to the atmosphere that condemned Socrates since he portrays Socrates as a ridiculous sophist teaching the morally worthless topics of philosophy for money. Old Comedy Structure A typical structure for Aristophanes Old Comedy would be prologue, parados, agon, parabasis, episodes, and Exodus, with a chorus of 24. Actors wore masks and had padding front and back. Costumes might include giant phalluses. He used equipment like the mechane or crane and the ekkyklema or platform. He made up long, complicated, compound words where appropriate, like cloudcuckooland. Surviving Comedies by Aristophanes The AcharniansThe BirdsThe CloudsThe EcclesiazusaeThe FrogsThe KnightsLysistrataPeacePlutusThe ThesmophoriazusaeThe Wasps

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 65

Case Study Example It has been very aggressive in its profit responsibility; using its programs and projects as means of communication to showcase its products and services to a larger population. This has demonstrated to be even more effective than the traditional way of holding advertising campaigns. The overall mission of Toyota is to contribute to the society and the economy by producing high-quality products and services. This is achieved through the Toyota way, which is a philosophy, built on five principles: challenging long-term visions and approaching them with creativity, Kaizen i.e. continuously improve business processes. Genchi Genbustu which, means going to the source to verify the facts in order to make accurate decisions; stimulating teamwork and performance and finally respect for the others and the environment by responsibility for it. Thus, Toyotas concept of sustainable mobility is key to achieving the Toyota way, which believes in respecting the atmosphere, and taking care of it. The Toyota National Parks project has been very successful. Parks included in this partnership are Yellowstone National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Everglades National park, the Golden Gate Bridge Foundation, Yosemite National park, the Grand Canyon and the Santa Monica National Recreational reserves. The program tries to engage with the visitors at the park personally and expose them to Toyota’s hybrid vehicles which when used in a natural setting are able to receive messages about sustainable mobility. A corporate image study which was recently conducted shows that Toyota ranked highest among its competitors namely Toyota, Honda, Ford and GM when it came to indicators such as ‘Leader in High MPG’, ‘Leader in Technology Development’, ‘Environmentally Friendly Vehicles’ and in the ‘Wins Environmental Awards’ (107). I would suggest that Toyota gets involved in even more activities that raise environmental-friendly awareness. They should be proactive

Taxation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Assignment Example Whether someone is employed or self employed depends upon the terms and conditions of relevant engagement. The tax and National Insurance contributions (NICs) rules do, however have special rules that apply to certain special categories of workers in certain circumstances. If you work for someone else it is important to know whether you are working for that person in employed capacity or in a self- employed capacity as an independent contractor.† (HMRC)ii Self employed taxpayers have the advantage of claiming wide range of expenses against the receipts of self employment services. â€Å"The decision to become self employed can also be affected by tax system.†(David G Blanch flower and Chris Shad forth)iii There is also an advantage of payment of income tax by instalments as against taxes being withheld by the employer under the PAYE scheme. It becomes extremely difficult in many cases to distinguish between self employment status and employee status of a tax payer. Whene ver any taxpayer is working on part time basis with more than one entity it is always the desire of HMRC to consider the tax payer under the employee status. This is because of easy and quick collection of taxes and NI under PAYE scheme on an income where only limited range of expenses can be claimed and thus providing higher amount of taxes. In fact these are the nature of activities of the taxpayer that decide the status of the tax payer. If there exists a contract of services then it is easy to consider taxpayer as an employee of the entity with whom the contract has been executed to render the services. But when such contracts exist for more than one entity the taxpayer would be treated as self employed rendering services to a number of entities. What will happen when there is no such contract? Under such conditions the issue is decided on basis of certain criteria. The main criteria are control over the performance of activities, fixidity of payment of remuneration even when th e entity is not earning, ownership of equipments used by the taxpayer during the performance of the duties, and exclusivity of providing services to one entity among other considerations. In our case Sam is now providing services exclusively to West London Company, and that is why HMRC wants tax him under the status of an employee and not under the status of as a self employed person. When you are not your own master and control of your activities and the performance is guided by the person providing you the remuneration, the status of the taxpayer is treated as an employee of the person providing him/ her the remuneration. â€Å"You are responsible for your own taxes and NI contributions† (Directgov)iv In the case of Sam his activities are now completely controlled by West London Company. Company is providing a fixed monthly remuneration of ?7500 even though he is operating from home. At the same time company is also providing him access to a desk, telephone, computer, and a lso stationery in the office. No reimbursement of expenses is allowed under the arrangement as the remuneration is fixed at ?7500 per month. There is exclusivity as Sam is also not providing services to any other entity or client. It should be noted that employment income is taxed on the basis of receipt of remuneration and not on accrual or earned basis which is applied when the taxpayer’

Clinical reflection paper exploring competencies in the transition to Essay

Clinical reflection paper exploring competencies in the transition to professional practice clinical block experience - Essay Example on gives scope for better understanding of oneself so that existing strengths can be used to build-up for future actions "(Somerville and Keeling, 2004). Every nurse registered under the Australian Nursing and Midwives Council or the ANMC needs to exhibit a certain degree of competency guided by the standard frameworks of competency standards designed by the ANMC (ANMC, 2005). High standards of competence can be maintained by the nurses through appropriate evaluation and examinations of ones own activities and performance, through clinical reflection. There are basically four domains of competency standards in nursing practice. They are professional practice, critical thinking and analysis, provision and coordination of care and collaborative and therapeutic practice (ANMC, 2005). In this essay, clinical reflection pertaining to critical thinking and analysis and provision and coordination of care will be discussed with reference to care of a a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis in a n emergency setting. While the domain of critical analysis and thinking refers to "self – appraisal, professional development, and the value of evidence and research for practice" (ANMC, 2005), the domain pertaining to coordination of care deals with "the coordination, organisation and provision of nursing care" (ANMC, 2005). Gibbs model of reflection will be used because the framework is straight forward and includes a cycle of clear description of the clinical situation, analysis of the feelings of the practitioner, evaluation of the actions during the situation, analysis of the various activities and experiences during the situation and a conclusion for lessons in future (Online learning, 2006). During my postings in the accident and emergency department, a 35 year old woman Mrs. X was brought to the emergency unit by her husband Mr.Y with history of fever since 2 days and abdominal pain and vomiting since few hours. The patient complained of easy fatiguibility and tiredness

Occupational Therapy Communication

Occupational Therapy Communication Abstract Occupational Therapy is a new and developing profession in the medical felid. Along with all other professions Occupational Therapy is unique to itself. It includes a specific way it is conducted and how the professionals act within the profession. Occupational Therapists need to have an understanding of the discourse, communication, resources and the style manual within the profession. Occupational Therapists also need to know and understand the history that pertains to the Occupational Therapy profession. Communication skills within the field are important for communication between others within the medical field and patients to the Occupational Therapist. Research Project DISCOURSE Academic discourse for every professional field is different. All professional fields use the same way of finding information for there discourse. This information is used towards new ideas and new research. The use of communication is an important part of discourse. Through the use of informal and formal communication professions find new ideas for research. Informal communication is done through emails, phone conversations and letters. Many professionals will use email as a way to communicate their writings that need editing or other ideas. Formal communication is done through academic journals and books. Professionals use formal communication for the use of discovering new ideas and new information for research. Professionals in the same field use the same discourse. Use of the same discourse consists of using the same communication language. Professionals also have the same understanding of there writings. Professionals with in the same field of work are considered professional communities. These communities count on each other for new information. 1 The profession of Occupational Therapy assists people in every day activities. Occupational Therapists help out the disabled and chronic ill patients. As an Occupational Therapist the core focus on helping someone is on their everyday activities that may be performed. As stated by Gelya Frank in the article Occupational Therapy Occupational Science Interdisciplinary Interest Group: A Proposal to the National Association for Practice of Anthropology, â€Å"Occupational therapy, therefore, is a profession whose focus is on enabling a person (i.e. individual client) or group of persons (i.e. group, community or an organization client) to access and participate in activities that are meaningful, purposeful and relevant to their lives, roles and sense of well being.†. (p 2) Occupational therapists are there for people who need assistance in being taught a task that might be difficult for them to do because of a disability. Writing documented records in Occupational Therapy follows the demands of ethics and laws in formal writing. The documentation of a treatment or consultation of the patient needs to be professional and well organized. Patient’s records are a private matter between the therapist and the patient. Records should be easily read. (p 3) There should be no use of negative words against the patient or the patient’s disability. Documentation in Occupational Therapy is thought to be one of the most difficult aspects of the profession. Documentation occurs after visiting with a patient, it must be clear and precise. Patients have the right to read their records from the Occupational Therapist. These records should be easily understood by patients. 3 (p 6) These documentations use keywords to point out important information from the Occupational Therapist. Included with the documentation of the visits with the patient should include a written painted picture of the patient that is easily understood by others. Professional Occupational Therapist and the patient should be able to understand the visit through the painted picture. Also included in documentation of patients are goals set by the patient and Occupational Therapist, and the plan for treatment decided by the Occupational Therapist. After every treatment there should be an evaluation of how the Occupational Therapist feels the patient is doing in the treatment plan.3 (p 5) Not only should the documentation include the painted picture, but the documentation needs to have meaning. In Pierre’s article, â€Å"Occupational Therapy as Documented in Patient’s Records,† one occupational therapist stated â€Å"There must be descriptions in running text in order to maintain a unique picture of a patient. Documentation must not be just a lot of words, but have content.† 3 (p 5) The information included in documentations should be considered extremely important and an Occupational Therapist needs to spend time considering the information needed for the documentation and the context of the writing. HISTORY Moral treatment was used as a treatment for the mentally ill. Moral treatment started in the 18th and 19th century in Europe and North America. Treatment of mentally ill patients in the early 1990’s included doing everyday tasks that included house work and other activities that were thought to help someone return to normal health. These everyday tasks were called occupations. An occupation is where occupational therapy received its name. Occupational Therapy is a therapy where patients do occupations to recover. These tasks included cleaning house, different craft projects and physical activities. (p31-31) William Tuke named and founded the ideas of Moral treatment. His ideas include treating mentally ill patients as if the patient is really mentally well. Through Williams’s ideas of moral treatment he started the making of asylums for the mentally ill. These asylums were used for housing and caring of the mentally ill. (p427) Figure one is a table of the principles of moral treatment. These moral treatment principles are the ideas from the article â€Å"The relevance of moral treatment to contemporary mental health care† according to Annie Borthwick et. Al. William was the founder of these principles for moral treatment.5 (p431) 5(p431) Through the ideas of moral treatment began the formation of Occupational Therapy. Many doctors had helped contribute to the creating and establishing of Occupational Therapy schools, hospitals, books and the fundamental ideas.4(p.30) In the early 20th century young doctors and nurses generated the idea of Occupational Therapy through using moral treatment as the foundation. There principal ideas included doing everyday tasks to help with the recovery of the mentally ill. This principal was similar to the principals of moral treatment. 4(p27) In 1917 a group of young doctors come together to plan a therapy process for people with metal illness. These young doctors formed the National Association for Occupational Therapy. 4(p27) William Rush Dunton, Jr. graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in medicine. He began his work with Occupational Therapy through the principles of moral treatment for the mentally ill. Dunton worked at the Sheppard Asylum. He used William Tukes ideas for moral treatment at the Sheppard Asylum. The Sheppard Asylum promoted William Dunton to be the director of Occupational Therapy for the mentally ill. Through his experiences William Dunton was a founder and leader of the National Association of Occupational Therapy. 4(p34) Adolf Meyer received his Masters in the area of neurology from a school in Switzerland where he was a native. He immigrated to Chicago after receiving his masters. Meyer believed in the connections someone’s mind and body had. He also believed that it required thinking to do actions. He did not agree with Freud’s ideas of the mind and body. He also believed everyone’s life story affected and contributed to the person’s attitudes and behavior. He believed that a mental illness was developed from flawed habits that were learned by the person. His care included changing the flawed habit that a mentally ill patient had. Through his treatments to his patients he made the work meaningful to them. His care included making sure the patient had good care, received enough rest, and socializing among others. 4(p33) Eleanor Clark Slagle attended Hull House which was part of the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. She was enrolled in a course of amusements and occupations. This course work was founded by Meyer Meyer. Clark started programs like Meyers in Michigan and New York through out different mental health hospitals. During World War One Clark was asked by the Chicago Red Cross to help with the training of other Red Cross nurses on Occupational Therapy. The training included therapy for soldiers who would return from war from battle fatigue and injury. She developed programs for mentally ill people through Meyer ideas. These programs included walks, activates, exercise and small group meals. 4(p36) Clark and Meyer both provide their services on Occupational Therapy training. There services were provided at the John Hopkins University in the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic. 4(p36) Herbert James Hall graduated in 1895 from Harvard Medical School as a general practitioner. Hall thought that working with crafts would help mental ill patients. He believed that through crafts patients could not fail. This gave patients the feeling of becoming successful and not failing. Crafts also diverted the minds of patients from their mental illness. Hall was also the founding father of The Boston School of Occupational Therapy in 1918. Herbert also was an author of some of the first books in Occupational Therapy. 4(p28) Susan Elizabeth Tracy was a nursing student who attending and graduated from Massachusetts Horneopathic Hospital. While working at a hospital Tracy found that patients who participated in hospital activities improved faster than those who did not participate in hospital activities. Tracy used occupational treatment when she began practicing her own private nursing. Tracy started her own experimental study of occupations in a Jamaica Plain Hospital. Her courses are considered the first organized classes in Occupational Therapy education. Tracy believed that therapy needed to engage the patients in activities that captured there attention. These therapy activities also needed to hold some kind of meaning to the patients. 4(p38) In early Occupational Therapy it was believed the patients needed to have the motivation to recover. Early Occupational Therapy was based on therapy through occupations. Occupations included crafts, activities, games, and any physical activities. Early occupational therapy found it important that the occupation would pertain to the patient’s life. Occupational Therapy in the beginning also included the focus of how the occupation pertained to the patient’s life and health. Also the focus was on how the occupation could be used as a therapy. Motivation had a strong importance on emphasizing the occupations. Many doctors felt encouragement through therapy was also needed by the doctor and family members. 4(p43) During the 1940’s through the 1950’s there was a strong urge that Occupational Therapy take medicine in to consideration. During this time many Occupational Therapists were forced to go in coalition with medicine. Occupational Therapy field moved to the use of medical terms when caring for a patient. Occupational Therapist had to use concepts that were taken from the practice of medicine.4(p55) Starting in the early 1960’s Occupational Therapy changed because of new technology and more information of the human body. Occupational Therapists were able to detect psychological problems of patients because of the new theories of the human body. During this time body functions and impairments were clarified. In the 1960’s scientific terms were used in the occupational therapy work place. There was also a better understand the emotional issues with patients who were mentally ill. 4(p54-55) After the 1960’s Occupational Therapist realized that through the medical intervention many of the original ideas of Occupational Therapy were lost. Many doctors of Occupational Therapy found that there was no connection between the activities used in therapy compared to the names given to them from the medical terminology. Occupational Therapy almost lost its identity by trying to identity if self with medicine. Because of misidentification Occupational Therapists have gone back to the use of occupations as treatments as it was at the development of Occupational Therapy.4(p54-55) RESOURCES There are many resources offered to Occupational Therapist. Resources include websites, academic journals, videos, newsletters, and memberships to many Occupational Therapy organizations. Websites include the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association, the American Occupational Therapy Foundation, and National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy. Academic journals include American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Journal of American Medical Association and other medical journals. The Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association website gives members many opportunities and special options. A member of the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association grants any Minnesotan Occupational Therapist access to many databases, libraries, videos, newsletters, and publications. These other databases include American Medical Association, National Association of Home Care, Sensory Integration International, National Rehabilitation Information Center, and American Academy of Pediatrics. Government Agencies are also offered through being a member of the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association Website. 6 These government agencies include Medicare, Medline, and Occupational Outlook Handbook. Publications are another Resource that Occupational Therapist can use for new information. 6 Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association website offers three publication links. These links include ADVANCE for Occupational Therapy Practitioners, Merck Manual of DX and The Neuroscience Center. Other Occupational Therapy sites provided by the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association include Occupational Therapy Internet World, Skills for the Job Living, and Occupational Therapist.com. 6 Becoming a member of the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association includes other advantages. Members receive the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association newsletter quarterly. Students who are part of Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association attending to school to become an Occupational Therapist have the option of becoming a member. Student members have the opportunity to apply for scholarships. Members receive discounted prices in any conferences that are held for Occupational Therapist in Minnesota. Through the use of the membership members have the opportunity to communicate with each other for new information and new research options. Members of the association have voting rights to decide how the association will be organized and operated. A member also includes being recognized for contributions for Occupational Therapy within Minnesota. These are the main benefits for joining the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association. 6 Another option on the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association web site includes employment opportunities. The site offers many job listings for the use of Occupational Therapist who are members of the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association. Other Occupational Therapists and businesses have the option to post job listings on the web site. 6 The American Occupational Therapy Foundation is another resource for Occupational Therapist. This resource supplies Occupational Therapist with opportunities for research funding. Through the use of this web site it was hoped to build a better understanding of Occupational Therapy science. There is also a scholarship provided for any Occupational Therapy student. The American Occupational Therapy Foundation provides awards for research in Occupational Therapy. The site provides recognition to Occupational Therapists that have shown renowned contributions for Occupational Therapy science. American Occupational Therapy Association helped to build the foundation needed to build the American Occupational Therapy Foundation. 7 National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. is a resource for graduated Occupational Therapist. Occupational Therapist must complete all required Field work along with the educational program to join the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy. The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy requires that Occupational Therapist pass there examination to be certified. This exam tests the skills, understanding and abilities of all Occupational Therapist. National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy is a non-profit organization that administers the certifying of Occupational Therapist. Along with the Minnesota Occupational Therapy Association the American Occupational Therapy Foundation is a not-profit organization. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy is one of the many academic journals that Occupational Therapist can use. Included in this journal are researched peer-read articles from professional Occupational Therapist. These articles include information that is theory-based and theoretical research. Occupational Therapist can use this information towards new ideas; other research projects and there own patients. The American Medical Association Journal offers information on general medical reviewed articles. There main objective is to promote the art of medicine and to help make public health better for all. These journals provide Occupational Therapist with the newest research available to them in medicine. Other journals Occupational Therapists may refer to are journals based on pediatrics, autism, ADHD, learning disorders, psychology, and neurology. Depending on where an Occupational Therapist may work will determine which journals will be read. An Occupational Therapist working with children will read journals on pediatrics along with other medical and Occupational Therapy Journals. These are the many resources offered to Occupational Therapists. These recourses include academic journals, web sites, and organizations. Occupational Therapists have the option to join many organizations to better the understanding of Occupational Therapy science to others and to gain benefits for themselves. Through the use of these recourses Occupational Therapists communicate there new ideas and the new research information. COMMUNICATION To become a well developed and successful Occupational Therapist many qualities are needed. These qualities include great interpersonal, writing, grammar, public speaking, and computer skills. Some of these skills can be learned from other experienced Occupational Therapist and others are learned with work experience. During an email interview with Nancy Klassen, member of Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists and an Occupational Therapist Registered(OTR) (written communication, March 2008), gave me a handful of information pertaining to the communication skills of Occupational Therapist. Through her experiences as an Occupational Therapist she has found that as an Occupational Therapist many qualities are needed. Through this paper many of her ideas will be shared with the readers. Interpersonal skills are required for Occupational Therapist to communicate with others who are involved with the patients care and treatment plans. Communicating with others includes children’s parents, specialists, educators, and childcare providers. An Occupational Therapist may need to have an informational meeting with parents and others involved in the client’s life to educate and instruct on the best treatment plan care for the client. An Occupational Therapist must be able to communicate in a tactful, clear way to make others understand the information given to them on the treatment of the patient (Klassen, written communication). Occupational Therapist will have opportunities to share research information with other co-workers. Communicating with other Occupational Therapist includes sharing new research information, medical information on clients, and discussions on client progression. As an Occupational Therapists who work in a team might have to give presentation on clients at team meetings (Klassen, written communication). Occupational Therapist may need to prepare and give seminars or presentations. During these seminars Occupational Therapist may have the option of presenting new research information, new program ideas and other ideas that may pertain to assisting other Occupational Therapist (Klassen, written communication). As an Occupational Therapist writing is a skill that will be used to write reports. Reports will be presented to other Occupational Therapist, social workers, schools, children’s hospitals, physicians, and the client’s parents. Other written material includes progress notes, and letter writing. During a clients treatment time with an Occupational Therapist progress notes or progress charts need to be taken. These reports are taken right after the treatment session with the Occupational Therapist. These reports are put in to the personal file of the patients. Evaluations may also be done on a patient. Evaluations are used for placement of a patient in school or other education programs that best fit the ability of the patient (Klassen, written communication). Proposals, handouts, and request are another type of documentation Occupational Therapist may have to write. An Occupational Therapist may have new ideas for research or treatment plans, which would require a proposal. Handouts are given to teachers, social workers, parent’s of the client, and others who may want to be educated on the treatment plan and the disability of the client. Handouts can include pamphlets, brochures, and medical research papers. Through the knowledge of an Occupational Therapist there maybe the need to request funding for a research program from the government and other non-profit companies that may support new research in Occupational Therapy (Klassen, written communication). Along with the requirement of writing proposals, progress reports, and handouts Occupational Therapist are required to have great grammar skills and spelling skills. Occupational Therapist Nancy Klassen thought it was important to have a vast vocabulary. Through the writings Occupational Therapist need to use vocabulary as an essential factor towards the credibility an Occupational Therapist may have. Grammar and a vast vocabulary are important to help with the explanation on treatment plans and other medical terminology that maybe used for the patients disability (Klassen, written communication). Presentations may need to be presented from Occupational Therapist requires public speaking skills. An Occupational Therapist needs to be able to give information to a group of other Occupational Therapist, parents, physicians, social workers, and educators. The wide rage of knowledge from the listens’ can not limit an Occupational Therapist on the information that is given to the group during the presentation. Presentations include presenting new ideas and new research to other Occupational Therapist. Another form of presentations includes delivering information on a treatment plan to the family and educators who interact with a patient (Klassen, written communication). Many Occupational Therapists communicate using telephone or email. Through the use of a computer email is an easy way to communicate with people within the same office or on a patient’s treatment. Occupational Therapist may need to get a hold of educators for a patient. The World Wide Web seems to be an easy and speedy way for interactions between different people (Klassen, written communication). Klassen, ORT, believes that social skills are the most important part of an Occupational Therapist. She felt that social skills can lead an Occupational Therapist to successfulness. Another aspect Klassen, OTR, felt Occupational Therapist must have the ability to teach the information in a meaningful and clear manner to others (Klassen, written communication). Through emailing Klassen, OTR, these are the ideas that she felt Occupational Therapist must posses to become successful in the medical field as an Occupational Therapist (Klassen, written communication). STYLE Each profession provides a style manual for that occupation. This means there are many different style manuals. Occupational Therapists use the American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA). AMA is on its 10th edition which was newly updated in 2007. American Psychological Association (APA) is a commonly used manual within colleges and high schools. APA is on its 5th edition which was updated as of 2003. Looking through these two different style manuals I found many differences. Some of the major differences included the use of terms, numbers, and the reference list. AMA is a medical manual which serves for a person who is in the medical field where as APA is used for psychologist and literature workers along with a few other professions. AMA seemed to focus more of the manuals attention on using measurements, numbers, statistic, typography, medical indexes, and manuscript preparation. APA focused more on the design, grammar, and gender12. AMA references are important within a research paper. Reference list provides readers with acknowledgements, where additional information on the topic can be found, and providing more support for a researcher’s paper. A reference list needs to be complete and in the correct format so all medical profession can understand the meaning of the reference page. Thoroughness of the reference page can aid another researcher to farther there knowledge on the topic read in the research paper. Within in the reference list misspelling of last names, Journal names, internet sites, along with incorrect page numbers. AMA style manual also suggest reading the primary source when writing a research paper where a writer may take a secondary source from another paper11. The reference list within an AMA style manual research paper should be number. Arabic number system should be used when doing the reference list. The reference list goes in order of from when the reference is used. This means that the first reference used would the first reference on the resource page. This does not involve using last name as an alphabetical order reference list. It is strictly by when it is used11. APA’s style manual is used to identify reference used within the paper. The reference list is only used to cite any sources used within the paper. As an author, of an APA format paper, there is a need to check over the reference list and cited sources to make sure both appear with in the paper. The citations with in a paper along with the reference list needs to be correct and the same for each reference. If there is a misspelled word or an incorrect writing within a manuscript the author of the paper is at cost for the mistake. The reference list needs to be in alphabetical order. Alphabetical order starts with the first author’s last name in a reference. If there are multiple authors with the same last name the next letter to use is the first initial of the first name of the author’s12. Abbreviations maybe used within an AMA style manual paper. If many abbreviations are being used within one paper it may become confusing for people reading the paper. Abbreviations are acceptable if one word will be used multiple times within the same paper. This will save space within the paper as well. Some instructors may put a limit on how many abbreviations may be used within one paper11. Ideal use of abbreviations includes numerous terms. Academic degrees along with certificates and some kind of honor can be abbreviated within a paper. Within the United States military titles are another form that can be abbreviated with in an AMA style manual paper. A few other potential words that can be abbreviated include days of the week, addresses, states, countries, and titles of people11. Within an APA paper many instructors prefer that abbreviations are used sparingly. APA instructors feel abbreviations affect the flow of a paper if to many are used. Abbreviations in a paper include measurements, time, and, chemical compounds. APA does accept abbreviations that are offend used. An example from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association included â€Å"IQ, REM, ESP, AIDS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 12(105). APA style allows the use of numbers to be kept as numerals and not written out in certain situations. APA style believes it is easier to follow numerals than written out numbers. A few instances where numbers can be kept as numerals include a mixed fraction, measure of time, temperature measurements, and a measurement of a currency12. Numbers that should be written out according to the APA style include the beginning of a sentence. This also includes if it is a title, or a heading. Other written out numbers include one when it is used as a pronoun within a sentence, and when a number is being used to rank items or people11. APA style’s rule towards the use of number includes written and numerals. If a number is below 10 it should be written out. If a number is above 10 it can be written out as a number. Within a paper numerals and written numbers can be combined. An example of this would be 6 million. The six is in a form of a numeral, but the million is written out11. AMA and APA style manuals have identical formats. Both of these styles include a title page for the article, an abstract, the paper, and than a resource page. Within the paper it is where the differences of these two different style manuals com into play. A paper written in the style manual AMA includes subheadings that are in all capitalized letters where as an APA style manual does not. In APA the first letter of the subheading is the only letter capitalized. The resource page for the style manuals is also very different. Each style manual has there own way to cite and reference articles11, 12. CONCLUSION Occupational Therapy is a great medical field that is used to help patients improve skills that maybe hard for them. It is also a challenging profession that requires the knowledge of many skills that will be used when working. Occupational Therapists discourse is important towards the building and developing of new research within the profession. Discourse is done through the use of different communication with other Occupational Therapist and other medical doctors. Occupational Therapy is a newer field that started in the early 1900’s. During the beginning Occupational Therapy was used for solders and mentally the ill. Through history Occupational Therapy has changed its way of caring and understand the use of occupations for patients. Now Occupational Therapy is used to assistant many other people who have disabilities. Many resources can be used by Occupational Therapist to gain more knowledge for the profession. There are many resources Occupational Therapist can use. Res ources include websites, academic journals, and Occupational Therapy associations. Occupational Therapists need to have a vast understanding and use of communication skills. A