Advanced Traffic Monitoring And Switching Using Labview Computer Science Essay

Advanced Traffic Monitoring And Switching Using Labview Computer Science Essay Overview of our project is to avoid congestion in traffic and to give priority to the emergency vehicle. Traffic control systems include signs, lights and other devices that communicate specific directions, warnings, or requirements. Traffic light controller (TLC) has been implemented using FPGA design which has many advantages over microcontroller some of these advantages are the speed, number of input/output ports and performance which are all very important in TLC design. Most of the TLCs implemented on FPGA are simple ones that have been implemented as examples of FSM. This paper concerned with an FPGA design implementation of a low cost 24-hour advanced traffic light controller system that was built as a term project of a VLSI design subject using verilog. The implemented traffic light is one of the real and complex traffic lights, for four roads and motorway with sensors and camera. The system has been successfully tested and implemented in hardware using Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA. Using labview technique it can control the traffic properly. Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Array, Traffic Light Controller, Very Large Scale Integration INTRODUCTION: The TLCs have limitations because it uses the pre-defined hardware, which is functioning according to the program that does not have the flexibility of modification on real time basis. Due to the fixed time intervals of green, orange and red signals the waiting time is more and vehicle uses more fuel. To make traffic light controlling more efficient, we exploit the emergence of new technique called as Advanced Traffic Monitoring and Switching . This makes the use of Sensor Networks along with Embedded Technology. The timings of Red, Green lights at each crossing of road will be intelligently decided based on the total traffic on all adjacent roads. Thus, optimization of traffic light switching increases road capacity and traffic flow, and can prevent traffic congestions. This is a unique feature of this project which is very useful to emergency vehicle to reach the destination properly. The various performance evaluation criteria are average waiting time, switching frequency of green light at a junction and efficient emergency mode operation. The performance of the Advanced Traffic Light Controller is compared with the Fixed Mode Traffic Light Controller. It is observed that the proposed Advanced Traffic Light Controller is more efficient than the conventional controller in respect of less waiting time and efficient operation during emergency mode. Moreover, the designed system has simple architecture, fast response time, user friendliness and scope for further expansion. I.FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit (IC) that includes a two-dimensional array of general-purpose logic circuits, called cells or logic blocks, whose functions are programmable. The cells are linked to one another by programmable buses. A field-programmable gate array comprises any number of logic modules, an interconnect routing architecture and programmable elements that may be programmed to selectively interconnect the logic modules to one another and to define the functions of the logic modules. The basic device architecture of an FPGA consists of an array of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) embedded in a configurable interconnect structure and surrounded by configurable I/O blocks (IOBs). An IOB allows signals to be driven off-chip or optionally brought onto the FPGA onto interconnect segments. The IOB can typically perform other functions, such as tri-stating outputs and registering incoming or out-going signals. The configurable interconnect structu re allows users to implement multi-level logic designs. In addition, FPGAs typically include other specialized blocks, such as block random access memories (BRAMs) and digital signal processors (DSPs). These specialized blocks perform more specific tasks than the CLBs, but can still be configured in accordance with a variety of options to enable flexible operation of the FPGA. Field programmable gate arrays may be classified in one of two categories. One category of FPGA devices is one-time programmable and uses elements such as antifuses for making programmable connections. The other category of FPGA devices is reprogrammable and uses devices such as transistor switches as the programmable elements to make non-permanent programmable connections. An FPGA can support hundreds of thousands of gates of logic operating at system speeds of tens of megahertz. To implement a particular circuit function, the circuit is mapped into the array and the appropriate programmable elements are prog rammed to implement the necessary wiring connections that form the user circuit. The FPGA is programmed by loading programming data into the memory cells controlling the configurable logic blocks, I/O blocks, and interconnect structure. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured by the customer or designer after manufacturingà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬hence field-programmable. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, as they were for ASICs, but this is increasingly rare). FPGAs can be used to implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. The ability to update the functionality after shipping, and the low non-recurring engineering costs relative to an ASIC design (not withstanding the generally higher unit cost), offer advantages for many applications. FPGAs contain programmable logic components called logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that allow the blocks to be wired togetherà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬somewhat like a one-chip programmable breadboard. Logic blocks can be configured to perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR. In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-flops or more complete blocks of memory. A.FPGA comparisons: Historically, FPGAs have been slower, less energy efficient and generally achieved less functionality than their fixed ASIC counterparts. A combination of volume, fabrication improvements, research and development, and the I/O capabilities of new supercomputers have largely closed the performance gap between ASICs and FPGAs. Advantages include a shorter time to market, ability to re-program in the field to fix bugs, and lower non-recurring engineering costs. Vendors can also take a middle road by developing their hardware on ordinary FPGAs, but manufacture their final version so it can no longer be modified after the design has been committed. Xilinx claims that several market and technology dynamics are changing the ASIC/FPGA paradigm: IC costs are rising aggressively ASIC complexity has bolstered development time and costs RD resources and headcount is decreasing Revenue losses for slow time-to-market are increasing Financial constraints in a poor economy are driving low-cost technologies. These trends make FPGAs a better alternative than ASICs for a growing number of higher-volume applications than they have been historically used for, to which the company attributes the growing number of FPGA design starts. Some FPGAs have the capability of partial re-configuration that lets one portion of the device be re-programmed while other portions continue running. B.FPGA Versus CPLDs: The primary differences between CPLDs and FPGAs are architectural. A CPLD has a somewhat restrictive structure consisting of one or more programmable sum-of-products logic arrays feeding a relatively small number of clocked registers. The result of this is less flexibility, with the advantage of more predictable timing delays and a higher logic-to-interconnect ratio. The FPGA architectures, on the other hand, are dominated by interconnect. This makes them far more flexible (in terms of the range of designs that are practical for implementation within them) but also far more complex to design for. Another notable difference between CPLDs and FPGAs is the presence in most FPGAs of higher-level embedded functions (such as adders and multipliers) and embedded memories, as well as to have logic blocks implement decoders or mathematical functions. C. Security considerations: With respect to security, FPGAs have both advantages and disadvantages as compared to ASICs or secure microprocessors. FPGAs flexibility makes malicious modifications during fabrication a lower risk. For many FPGAs, the loaded design is exposed while it is loaded (typically on every power-on). To address this issue, some FPGAs support bit stream encryption. D.Applications of FPGAs: FPGAs have gained rapid acceptance and growth over the past decade because they can be applied to a very wide range of applications. A list of typical applications includes: random logic,integrating multiple SPLDs, device controllers, communication encoding and filtering, small to medium sized systems with SRAM blocks, and many more. Other interesting applications of FPGAs are prototyping of designs later to be implemented in gate arrays, and also emulation of entire large hardware systems. II.RADIO FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION: RF itself has become synonymous with wireless and high-frequency signals, describing anything from AM radio between 535 kHz and 1605 kHz to computer local area networks (LANs) at 2.4 GHz. However, RF has traditionally defined frequencies from a few kHz to roughly 1 GHz. If one considers microwave frequencies as RF, this range extends to 300 GHz. A wave or sinusoid can be completely described by either its frequency or its wavelength. They are inversely proportional to each other and related to the speed of light through a particular medium. As frequency increases, wavelength decreases. For reference, a 1 GHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 1 foot, and a 100 MHz wave has a wavelength of roughly 10 feet. III.IR SENSOR: A Passive Infra Red sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall. All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. These sensors are used as the road traffic detectors which is used for the detection of the presence (traffic) of vehicles at precisely determined measuring points, are an extremely important element of the urban traffic control system. The intelligent road consists of IR sensors to detect and transferring the data to the server in real time. The detectors are installed along the road in order to ensure the scanning of traffic stream and to transmit its Parameters at proper time i.e. stream velocity, its intensity and quantity of transport Means. The transport means may be subdivided into categories e.g. motor cars, small and big trucks and long vehicles. The essential functions of road traffic detectors are: à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Optimization of traffic lights control for the road crossings and pedestrians crossings, à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Creation of traffic database and road traffic changes monitoring in order to implement proper control and management modifications, -Data acquisition at locations for which early detection of traffic disturbances. IV.CCTV: As the name implies, it is a system in which the circuit is closed and all the elements are directly connected. This is unlike broadcast television where any receiver that is correctly tuned can pick up the signal from the airwaves. Directly connected in this context includes systems linked by microwave, infrared beams, etc. This article introduces the main components that can go to make up CCTV systems of varying complexity. Many cities and motorway networks have extensive traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and notice accidents V. RF TRANSRECEIVER: This transceiver has a transmit side (Tx) and a receive side (Rx), which are connected to the antenna through a duplexer that can be realized as a switch or a filter, depending on the communications standard being followed. The input preselection filter takes the broad spectrum of signals coming from the antenna and removes the signals not in the band of interest. This may be required to prevent overloading of the low-noise amplifier (LNA) by out-of band signals. The LNA amplifies the input signal without adding much noise. The input signal can be very weak, so the first thing to do is strengthen the signal without corrupting it. As a result, noise added in later stages will be of less importance. The image filter that follows the LNA removes out-of-band signals and noise before the signal enters the mixer. The mixer translates the input RF signal down to the intermediate frequency, since filtering, as well as circuit design, becomes much easier at lower frequencies for a multitude of reasons. The other input to the mixer is the local oscillator (LO) signal provided by a voltage-controlled oscillator inside a frequency synthesizer. The desired output of the mixer will be the difference between the LO frequency and the RF frequency. At the input of the radio there may be many different channels or frequency bands. The LO frequency is adjusted so that the desired RF channel or frequency band is mixed down to the same intermediate frequency (IF) in all cases. The IF stage then provides channel filtering at this one frequency to remove the unwanted channels. The IF stage provides further amplification and automatic gain control (AGC) to bring the signal to a specific amplitude level before the signal is passed on to the back end of the receiver. It will ultimately be converted into bits (most modern communications systems use digital modulation schemes) that could represent, for example, voice, video, or data through the use of an analog-to-digital converter. On the transmit side, the back-end digital signal is used to modulate the carrier in the IF stage. In the IF stage, there may be some filtering to remove unwanted signals generated by the baseband, and the signal may or may not be converted into an analog waveform before it is modulated onto the IF carrier. A mixer converts the modulated signal and IF carrier up to the desired RF frequency. A frequency synthesizer provides the other mixer input. Since the RF carrier and associated modulated data may have to be transmitted over large distances through lossy media (e.g., air, cable, and fiber), a power amplifier (PA) must be used to increase the signal power. Typically, the power level is increased from the milliwatt range to a level in the range of hundreds of milliwatts to watts, depending on the particular application. A lowpass filter after the PA removes any harmonics produced by the PA to prevent them from also being transmitted.

Emotional Competency In The Classroom Essay

Learning is the product of cognitive processes that interplay with the emotional and attitudinal readiness of an individual. It is, as Carl Rogers says, the â€Å"insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his cruiser. † In essence, it is the student’s inner motivation to identify that which is in the environment as something relevant and important and incorporate that into his system in order for him to become a better person. It is the drawing in of knowledge and drawing out of an idea [Rogers, 1994] to impart and impact one’s environment. In this context, learning in a school setting is a much difficult process when the school curriculum and the school policies do not provide the good sowing ground for learning. Thus, the cognitive change does not happen at all in such setting. There are only cramming for exams and exchange of notes. There are only heads for attendance purposes and papers for course requirement purposes. The individual change which brings about commitment to make the difference is totally absent. It is never too late to start a different path. Along this line, this strategic plan is aimed at enhancing emotional competence of all stakeholders in the school community. The change involves all and everyone. The students are the beneficiaries and everyone else is the instrument of change. The success of this much-needed change in the learning setting in school depends upon the trust, respect, open-mindedness, flexibility, and open communications that each one in the school organization would be willing to adopt, espouse, and commit. Strategy In order to effect a change in the learning processes in school, it is important that all stakeholders in school become aware of their functions and responsibilities towards the aim of creating a safe and nurturing school environment in order to develop the students’ emotional competence. To implement this strategy, this plan is endorsed for implementation. The Plan Consistent with the strategy to enhance students’ emotional competence for learning, the following objectives and action steps shall be pursued: Objective A: To review the present school setting, such as school policies, curriculum, student handbook, methods of teaching, grading system, recognition system, disciplinary action policy, and other relevant policies. Action Step A. 1. Create committees who will be responsible for the review of relevant school policies and materials as identified in Objective A. Action Step A. 2. Propose revisions/amendments to make these policies and guidelines applicable and relevant to this strategic plan. Action Step A. 3. Present the proposals to school administration in order to let them understand the need for change all for the betterment of the school, the students, and the teacher. Action Step A. 4. Seek approval of the proposals or where revisions have to be made, revise and present final paper for approval by school administration. Objective B: To incorporate student-centered learning principles and practices in the school curriculum, programs, activities, and classroom teaching methodologies. Action Step B. 1. Create student activities which are centered on students’ learning potentials and capabilities. Action Step B. 2. Modify the role of the teacher from lecturer to collaborator/facilitator in the learning process. Action Step B. 3. Motivate students to take active roles in the learning process through classroom discussions, activities, and projects which engage their mental faculties. Action Step B. 4. Revise current student-evaluation or adopt a grading system which truly reflects student learning. Action Step B. 5. Provide effective feedback mechanism to update, improve, coach, and develop students’ capability to learn in the classroom. Objective C: To conduct school-wide information drive as regards the strategic plan which involves the commitment of all stakeholders in school. Action Step C. 1. Prepare the information and campaign materials which should substantiate the rationale and the commitment that is required from every single individual in school. Action Step C. 2. Make a schedule for the information dissemination without necessarily disrupting classes. Small group meetings are highly encouraged as communication and feedback would be more direct and enriching. Action Step C. 3. Identify members of the Speakers Bureau who will be tasked to lead the information drive and information campaign. These could be the informal leaders whose charisma with students and teachers is unquestionable. It is important to get stakeholders attracted to the idea and more important for them to give their whole-hearted support to the strategic plan. Action Step C. 4. Record all feedbacks during the information drive for the evaluation of the Committees and upon which point may be clarified or changes may be adopted. Action Step C. 5. Conduct an overall general assembly inviting all stakeholders and giving them feedback on what transpired during the small group meetings. A consensus should be reached as to everyone’s commitment to support the strategic plan. This is an appeal to emotion and highly cognitive discussions should be avoided. Implementation After getting everyone’s commitment to the strategic plan, implementation and monitoring are the functions of the school administrators jointly with the student council. Regular feedback mechanism should be established. The success of the strategic plan lies in the dynamism of all the stakeholders involved in the processes. Dynamism comes about in an atmosphere of total commitment to a very noble cause.

Prada Case Essay

From the financial point of view, the Italian luxury brand- Prada, which was known for its design innovation, can’t claim itself successful. Although it has the ability to keep its revenue over 1.5 billion euros for three consecutive years, it also contains more than 1 billion euros of debt maturing within 12 months sitting on its balance sheet. One of the best solutions for Prada to solve this problem is to raise capital in the stock market, which we could refer as IPO. Given the current market conditions, listing in Hong Kong might appears to be the best choice after all. But, before we go further in details about the pros and cons about listing in Hong Kong, we should first discuss the reasons why we choose IPO over Debt and Strategic partnership. Compare to issuing debt, an IPO will not add any more burden to the company’s balance sheet, which for Prada, was already showed a sign of insolvency and over leveraged. Another issue is that no firms in this industry have ever raised money in US bond market. Although â€Å"dim sum bond† – a Chinese Yuan denominated bonds issued in Hong Kong could be the best alternative to this situation, however, the short life and the exchange risk it involved are its most disadvantages. How about sale some portion of the firm to the private equity firms to raise capital? For this deal, it seems that they will not only offer a sizeable premium to the family, but also to offer some important positions on the board too. But, compare to IPO, it will not increase Prada’s publicity through this method. And also, an IPO in Hong Kong will give the company more opportunity to expand their Asia market, especially in China and Japan. Choosing a Strategic Partnership would be just like giving that huge potential profit away. So, the next question is how do we actually apply the IPO strategy?

Culture and Ethnocentrism Essay - 672 Words

Ethnocentrism By Richanda L. Brown SSCI210-1204A-06 AIU 8-30-2012 Abstract This paper will evaluate the movie The Stoning of Soraya M. and discuss the effect of ethnocentrism on individuals, societies, and multinational corporations. This paper will provide a comprehensive overview of ethnocentrism and focus on the cultural observations made based on cultural experience. Ethnocentrism Introduction Our text defines ethnocentrism as the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. (Macionis, 2012). This means that sometimes the way we view certain practices and beliefs of other cultures is determined by what we are accustomed to in our own cultures. The result of ethnocentrism is assuming the†¦show more content†¦Although there are consequences for these actions, such as divorce, none are as brutal as death. In some cases, American couples even choose to stay together after one party has been unfaithful. However, according to this movie, infidelity is unforgivable. Also, I was puzzled that the trial for the woman was only open to the men of the village. These men were to include, her husband, who was the accuser, her father, who despised her, and the town mullah, who had tried to make an advance on her (to no avail) shortly after she was accused. In this country, no matter what the crime, an accused individual is always enti tled to a fair trial with an unbiased jury. In short, this was definitely not a fair trial. Throughout this film, the audience is constantly reminded of the superiority of men in this culture. This is displayed in the trial, the punishment she wrongly received, and her husband’s disregard for the well being of their daughters, only the sons. Furthermore, the infidelity of the woman’s husband is overlooked and viewed as acceptable in Iranian culture. Although men and women are not always treated as equals in American culture, it is not likely that the misbehavior of a man in marriage is going to be treated any different than if the woman misbehaves in the marriage. These customs are widely accepted and practiced in Iranian culture and considered the norm. Being astonished by the actions and practices of this culture is theShow MoreRelatedCulture and Ethnocentrism1439 Words   |  6 PagesAre we limited in knowledge, in imagination, and in understanding by the cul ture we grow up in? In other words, are we ethnocentric, and if so is it a bad thing? To answer that, one must understand what ethnocentrism is. According to Macionis (2004), ethnocentrism is the practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture. We are not born with culture; culture is a socially learned behavior, or set of values that a given groups holds as a norm and are considered to beRead MoreEthnocentrism: Culture and Social Integration Essay example725 Words   |  3 PagesEthnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture. Ethnocentrism often bring about the belief that ones own race or ethnic group is the most important and/or are superior to those of other groups. Ethnocentrism can have both a positive and negative effect in one’s personal life. â€Å"On the positive side, it creates in-group loyalties. On the negative side, ethnocentrism can lead to discrimination against people whose ways differRead MoreEthnocentrism Across Cultures: Film Analysis of Bride and Prejudice827 Words   |  3 PagesBride and Prejudice and Ethnocentrism Across Cultures People who travel abroad always have a better understanding of what it means to meet new cultures and the experience of living in culturally different societies. While visiting a different society might be ideal, as a first step one may watch a foreign film that describes peculiarities of a different culture we are not familiar with. In this paper, I will discuss my experience of watching such a movie. The film I chose for this task is BrideRead MoreEthnocentrism Is A Basic Attitude Expressing The Belief That One? S Own Culture Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesETHNOCENTRISM Ethnocentrism is a basic attitude expressing the belief that one?s own ethnic group or one?s own culture is superior to other ethnic groups or cultures, and that one?s cultural standards can be applied in a universal manner. The term was first used by the American sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840?1910) to describe the view that one?s own culture can be considered central, while other cultures or religious traditions are reduced to a less prominent role. Ethnocentrism is closelyRead MoreIs Ethnocentrism The Basic Principle When Engaged Within A Culture Diverse Practice?971 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that avoiding ethnocentrism is the basic principle when engaged in a culture diverse practice. While social worker engage in an effective practice, they also have potential to do harm(Chenoweth and Maculiffe 2015,P58). Because social work practice involves many ethical responds and a poor respond will trigger threats,risks and perils that threaten both the practice and clients. I n the realm of cultural diversity oriented practice, it is quite evidential that ethnocentrism could lead to a poorRead MoreEssay on Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism667 Words   |  3 PagesPlease define and compare and contrast ETHNOCENTRISM and CULTURAL RELATIVISM. Discuss how you have experienced OR witnessed both concepts in our American Society. Ethnocentrism is viewing your own culture as more superior than any other culture, that all other groups are measured in relation to one’s own. Ethnocentrism can lead to cultural misinterpretation and it often distorts communication between human beings. + while cultural relativism is the concept that the importance of a particularRead MoreCultural Awareness Project : Ethnocentrism1723 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing ethnocentrism in the imaging department. My objectives for the presentation is to explain how you can avoid ethnocentrism in the imaging department and to also explain how ethnocentrism can lead to stereotyping and how this can further have a negative impact on the department. I want to begin by discussing some general definitions so that you have a better understand of the topics that I am going to discuss. I think it is important to begin by defining the definition of culture. As weRead MoreEssay about Ethnocentrism And Cultural Relativity551 Words   |  3 Pagesto understand another culture, especially, in New York City where we live in a society that is rapidly changing. The City has increasingly brought people of various cultures, to interact closer with each other. This interaction can be either positive or negative depending on the level of sensitivity and respect people have for other culture groups. These two types of behaviors are related to two important concepts known as ethnocentrism and cultural relativity. Ethnocentrism is â€Å"the attitude of prejudiceRead MoreEthnocentrism And Its Effect On Society1277 Words   |  6 Pages What is ethnocentrism, and in today’s world is ethnocentrism still in existence; if so why. So, what is ethnocentrism, it’s simply making judgment as to one’s race or culture as to their beliefs, values, and customs to which they believe in; or what constitutes their lifestyles. In other words, believing that own race is superior over their own and thinking their better than anyone else; or above the rest (as to race); while judging their existence as to how we portray them. However, this beliefRead MoreEthnocentrism As Defined By The Osu Department Of Anthropology984 Words   |  4 PagesEthnocentrism, as defined by the OSU Department of Anthropology, is â€Å"an attitude that is centered on one’s own culture, values, and ways of acting and thinking †¦[and] may lead to unfair criticism of other cultures† (Rosenburger 8). Ethnocentrism is a natural response for people who experience or become immersed in a culture where values, customs, and shared practices are different from their own. It is the difficulty or inability to understand other ways of acting, thinking, or feeling; when one